How To Get A Sniper Rifle Rdr2

Type of burglarize used for long-range engagements against enemy personnel

A sniper rifle is a high-precision, long-range rifle. Requirements include accurateness, reliability, mobility, concealment and eyes for anti-personnel, anti-materiel and surveillance uses of the military sniper. The modern sniper rifle is a portable shoulder-fired weapon system with a choice between commodities-action or semi-automatic action, fitted with a telescopic sight for farthermost accuracy and chambered for a high-ballistic performance centerfire cartridge.

History [edit]

The Whitworth rifle was arguably the first long-range sniper rifle in the world.^[one] Designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, a prominent British engineer, it used barrels with hexagonal polygonal rifling, which meant that the projectile did non have to bite into the rifling grooves equally was done with conventional rifling. His rifle was far more accurate than the Blueprint 1853 Enfield, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent Crimean State of war. At trials in 1857, which tested the accurateness and range of both weapons, Whitworth'due south blueprint outperformed the Enfield at a rate of near three to 1. Also, the Whitworth rifle was able to hitting the target at a range of 2,000 yards, whereas the Enfield could just manage it at a distance of i,400 yards.^[2] During the American Ceremonious State of war, the Confederate sharpshooters equipped with Whitworth rifles were tasked to kill Union field artillery crews, and were responsible for killing Major General John Sedgwick – i of the highest-ranking officers killed during the Ceremonious War – at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court Firm.

During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed for fitting onto the rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the abstraction of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced past Take chances Brothers of Birmingham. This immune a marksman to more accurately find and target objects at a greater distance than ever before.^[iii] The telescopic sight, or telescopic, was originally fixed and could non be adjusted, which therefore limited its range. By the 1870s, the perfection of breech loading magazine rifles led to sniper rifles having "constructive accurate" ranges of up to a mile away from its target.^[iv]

During the Boer War, the latest breech-loading rifled guns with magazine and smokeless pulverization were used past both sides. The British were equipped with the Lee–Metford rifle, while the Boers had received the latest Mauser Model 1895 rifles from Federal republic of germany. In the open terrain of South Africa, the marksman was a crucial component in boxing. The Lovat Scouts was a British Regular army unit formed in 1899 that was renowned for the expert marksmanship and stalking skills of its personnel. The men wore ghillie suits for cover-up and were expertly skilled in observation. Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard said of them that "keener men never lived".^[5] Later the Boer War, the Scouts became the first official sniper unit in the British Army.

It was not until Earth War I that sniper rifles began to exist used more regularly in battle and certain soldiers given specialized training to use such a burglarize. In Germany, these trained snipers were given rifles with telescopic sights, which illuminated at night in social club to amend their accurateness.^[6] German gunsmiths fitted the scope above the butt for optimal accuracy.^[7]

During the War, the accuracy of the sniper rifle was profoundly improved.^[eight] Past the cease of World War II snipers were reported to provide "reasonable accuracy" over 600 m (656 yd) with anything over this range being unpredictable.^[nine] Information technology was during World War I and II that the word 'sniper' began to be used usually, whereas previously those who were armed with sniper rifles were referred to equally sharpshooters, or marksmen.^[10]

These marksmen, wielding sniper rifles such equally the Karabiner 98k and Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30 sniper rifle, had a drastic and demoralizing outcome on the battleground.^[11] Soldiers would often remain hidden in foxholes or trenches so as non to betrayal themselves to the deadly accuracy of a sniper. Some soldiers even began to disregard orders from commanding officers to protect against potential harm, which thus broke down the concatenation of command on the battleground.^[12] The sniper rifle soon caused the reputation of being i of the most effective and ruthless weapons of war.^[13]

Though sniper rifles had proved to be extremely constructive in combat, at that place was still a corking reluctance in many militaries to prefer a trained sniper regiment.^[14] To effectively use a sniper rifle, a soldier had to go through particularly rigorous training, and most people did not make it by the first week.^[xv] Sniper preparation was so expensive to deport that, even until equally recently as 1970, the reasoning for having trained snipers as a role of an ground forces was accounted questionable.^[14] In Britain, sniper rifles were not seen every bit being an integral part of an army until after the Germans boasted so much success with sniper teams during the early months of World War I. The British army advisors supposed that the scope sights attached to sniper rifles were as well hands damaged and thus not well suited for military use.^[9] However, they soon realized that these telescopic sights could be improved and made sturdy enough to withstand a sniper burglarize shot.^[9]

Sniper rifles take continued to be used consistently throughout the later part of the 20th century in Korea, Vietnam and the Centre Due east as an integral part of the modern fashion of guerrilla warfare. The immovability, accuracy and ability of mod sniper rifles are beyond anything in use fifty-fifty 10 years agone and would seem amazing in comparison to any World State of war II sniper rifles.^[16] Now sniper rifles are extremely reliable and are able to fire repeatedly without losing accurateness, whereas earlier sniper rifles would lose accuracy the more consistently they were used due to vesture and tear.^[17] Sniper rifles continue to be adapted and improved upon with the effective range of modernistic sniper rifles exceeding one,000 k (1,094 yd), which make it one of the most accurate, deadly and efficient weapons in use now.^[17]

Classification [edit]

Modern sniper rifles can be divided into two basic classes: armed forces and police force enforcement.^{[ citation needed ]}

Military [edit]

Sniper rifles manufactured for military machine service are often designed for very high durability, range, reliability, sturdiness, serviceability and repairability under agin environmental and gainsay conditions, at the sacrifice of a small-scale caste of accuracy. Military machine snipers and sharpshooters may also be required to carry their rifles and other equipment for long distances, making it important to minimize weight. War machine organizations oftentimes operate under strict upkeep constraints, which influences the blazon and quality of sniper rifles they buy.

Police force enforcement [edit]

Sniper rifles congenital or modified for utilize in law enforcement are generally required to have the greatest possible accuracy, but do not need to have as long a range.

Law enforcement-specific rifles are commonly used in non-combat (frequently urban) environments, and so they do not have the requirement to be as hardy or portable every bit war machine versions; therefore, they may be smaller, because they do not need very long range.

Some of the starting time sniper rifles designed specifically to run into law and other police force-enforcement requirements were developed for Westward German police after the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Many police services and constabulary enforcement organizations (such as the U.S. Cloak-and-dagger Service) now utilize rifles designed for law enforcement purposes.

The Heckler & Koch PSG1 is ane burglarize specifically designed to meet these criteria and is frequently referred to as an ideal case of this type of sniper burglarize. The FN Special Police Rifle was built for, and is marketed to, police enforcement rather than military agencies.

Distinguishing characteristics [edit]

Looking through a telescopic sight.

PSO-ane Sniper Scope Reticle
i – Pb/deflection scale
2 – Main targeting chevron
iii – Bullet drop chevrons
four – Rangefinder

The features of a sniper burglarize can vary widely depending on the specific tasks it is intended to perform. Features that may distinguish a sniper burglarize from other weapons are the presence of a scope sight, unusually long overall length,^[18] a stock designed for firing from a prone position, and the presence of a bipod and other accessories.

Telescopic sight [edit]

The unmarried most important feature that sets a sniper rifle apart from other military or law small arms is the mounting of a scope sight, which is relatively like shooting fish in a barrel to distinguish from smaller optical aiming devices establish on some modern assault rifles and submachine guns.

The telescopic sights used on sniper rifles differ from other optical sights in that they offer much greater magnification (more than 4× and upwards to 40×), and take a much larger objective lens (40 to fifty mm in diameter) for a brighter image.

Most telescopic lenses employed in military machine or police roles have special reticles to help with judgment of distance, which is an of import factor in authentic shot placement due to the bullet'southward trajectory.

Activity [edit]

The choice between bolt-action and semi-automatic, ordinarily recoil operated or gas operated, is usually determined by specific requirements of the sniper'due south office in a particular system, with each design having advantages and disadvantages. For a given cartridge, a bolt-activeness rifle is cheaper to build and maintain, more than reliable, and lighter, due to fewer moving parts in the mechanism. In addition, the absence of uncontrolled automatic cartridge case ejection helps avoid revealing the shooter's position. Semi-automatic weapons can serve both every bit battle burglarize and sniper rifle, and allow for a greater rate (and hence volume) of burn down. As such rifles may be modified service rifles, an additional benefit tin exist commonality of performance with the issued infantry rifle. A bolt action is most commonly used in both armed forces and law roles due to its higher accurateness and ease of maintenance. Anti-materiel applications such every bit mine clearing and special forces operations tend to use semi-automatics.

A Marine manually extracts an empty cartridge and chambers a new seven.62×51mm round in his commodities-activity M40A3 sniper rifle. The bolt handle is held in the shooter's hand and is not visible in this photo.

A designated marksman rifle (DMR) is less specialized than a typical military sniper rifle, often only intended to extend the range of a group of soldiers. Therefore, when a semi-automatic action is used it is due to its ability to cross over into roles similar to the roles of standard issue weapons. There may also be boosted logistical advantages if the DMR uses the same armament as the more mutual standard issue weapons. These rifles enable a higher volume of fire, but cede some long range accuracy. They are oftentimes congenital from existing selective fire battle rifles or assault rifles, oft simply by adding a telescopic sight and adjustable stock.

A law semi-automatic sniper burglarize may exist used in situations that require a single sniper to engage multiple targets in quick succession, and military semi-automatics, such as the M110 SASS, are used in similar "target-rich" environments.

Magazine [edit]

In a military setting, logistical concerns are the primary determinant of the cartridge used, and so sniper rifles are unremarkably express to burglarize cartridges ordinarily used by the war machine force employing the rifle and match grade ammunition. Since large national militaries more often than not change slowly, military machine rifle ammunition is oftentimes boxing-tested and well-studied past ammunition and firearms experts. Consequently, constabulary forces tend to follow armed services practices in choosing a sniper rifle cartridge instead of trying to interruption new ground with less-perfected (but perchance better) armament.

Before the introduction of the standard 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) cartridge in the 1950s, standard armed services cartridges were the .thirty-06 Springfield or vii.62×63mm (United States), .303 British (7.vii×56mmR) (U.k.) and 7.92×57mm (8mm Mauser Germany). The .thirty-06 Springfield connected in service with U.Due south. Marine Corps snipers during the Vietnam War in the 1970s, well later general adoption of the vii.62×51mm. At the present time, in both the Western earth and within NATO, 7.62×51mm is currently the primary cartridge of choice for military machine and police force sniper rifles.

Worldwide, the tendency is similar. The preferred sniper cartridge in Russia is another .thirty quotient military cartridge, the vii.62×54 mm R, which has slightly superior performance to the 7.62×51mm, although the rimmed design limits reliability compared to the latter cartridge. This cartridge was introduced in 1891, and both Russian sniper rifles of the modernistic era, the Mosin–Nagant and the Dragunov sniper rifle, are chambered for it.

Certain commercial cartridges designed with only operation in mind, without the logistical constraints of most armies, have also gained popularity in the 1990s. These include the 7 mm Remington Magnum (seven.ii×64mm), .300 Winchester Magnum (7.8/seven.62×67mm), and the .338 Lapua Magnum (8.half dozen×70mm). These cartridges offer ameliorate ballistic performance and greater effective range than the 7.62×51mm. Though they are not as powerful every bit .l quotient cartridges, rifles chambered for these cartridges are non as heavy as those chambered for .50 quotient ammunition, and are significantly more powerful than rifles chambered for seven.62×51mm.^[nineteen]

M82A1 SAMR or SASR (Special Applications Scoped Rifle or Semi-Automatic Anti Material Burglarize), a .50 caliber anti material rifle used in a sniper rifle.

Snipers may as well use anti-materiel rifles in sniping roles against targets such as vehicles, equipment and structures, or for the long-range devastation of explosive devices; these rifles may also be used confronting personnel.

Anti-materiel rifles tend to be semi-automatic and of a larger caliber than other rifles, using cartridges such as the .fifty BMG, 12.seven×108mm Russian or even xiv.five×114mm Russian and 20mm. These large cartridges are required to be able to fire projectiles containing payloads such equally explosives, armor-piercing cores, incendiaries or combinations of these, such as the Raufoss Mk211 projectile. Due to the considerable size and weight of anti-materiel rifles, two- or three-homo sniper teams become necessary.

Butt [edit]

Barrels are normally of precise industry and of a heavier cross section than more than traditional barrels in order to reduce the change in impact points between a offset shot from a cold barrel and a follow-upward shot from a warm butt. Unlike many battle and assault rifles, the bores are commonly not chromed to avoid inaccuracy due to an uneven treatment.

When installed, barrels are often gratis-floated: i.east., installed and so that the barrel contacts the rest of the burglarize only at the receiver. A gratuitous-floating barrel avoids contact with the fore-stop of the stock by the barrel itself, slings, bipods, or the sniper'southward hands that can interfere with barrel harmonics. The stop of the butt is unremarkably crowned or machined to form a rebated expanse effectually the muzzle proper to avoid asymmetry or damage, and consequent inaccuracy.

External longitudinal fluting that contributes to heat dissipation by increasing the expanse, while simultaneously decreasing the weight of the barrel, is sometimes used on sniper-rifle barrels.

Sniper-rifle barrels may also utilise a threaded muzzle or combination device (muzzle brake or flash suppressor and attachment mount) to allow the plumbing fixtures of a sound suppressor. These suppressors ofttimes take a ways of adjusting the point of impact while fitted.

Armed forces sniper rifles tend to have barrel lengths of 609.6 mm (24 inches) or longer, to allow the cartridge propellant to fully fire, reducing the amount of revealing muzzle flash and increasing cage velocity. Police sniper rifles may utilize shorter barrels to improve treatment characteristics. The shorter barrels' muzzle velocity loss is unimportant at closer ranges; the bear on velocity of the bullet is more than sufficient.

Stock [edit]

The most common special feature of a sniper rifle stock is the adaptable cheek slice, where the shooter'south cheek meets the rear of the stock. For most rifles equipped with a scope sight, this expanse is raised slightly, because the telescope is positioned higher than iron sights. A cheek slice is merely a section of the stock that can exist adjusted up or down to suit the individual shooter. To farther aid this individual plumbing fixtures, the stock tin sometimes too exist adjusted for length, frequently by varying the number of inserts at the rear of the stock where it meets the shooter's shoulder. If the stock is manufactured from woods, environmental atmospheric condition or operational employ may warp the woods, which may cause slight alignment or barrel harmonics changes over time, altering the point of impact. Stocks manufactured from polymers and metal alloys are less susceptible to point of impact shifting past ecology conditions. Sniper stocks are typically designed to avert making contact with the barrel of the weapon and minimize the effects of environmental inconstancies. Modernistic sniper rifle stocks tend to be designed effectually a rigid chassis, offer user adjustability to permit shooters of various sizes and shapes to tailor the stock to their personal preferences and modular attachment points to provide flexibility to employ (future) low light and 24-hour interval light aiming eyes, laser designators, and other accessories without the need for custom made mounting interface kits.

• 

  M24 SWS (1988) with classic shaped polymer stock with adjustable length of pull.

• 

  Mk 21 (2013) modular sniper rifle based on an aluminum alloy chassis stock with fully adaptable side-folding buttstock and tubular handguard offering track interface system attachment points.

• 

  Barrett MRAD (2013) modular sniper rifle based on an aluminum alloy chassis stock with fully adjustable side-folding buttstock and a front offer track interface system attachment points with mounted Picatinny runway for tactical attachments.

Accessories [edit]

An adjustable sling is ofttimes fitted on the rifle, used by the sniper to achieve ameliorate stability when standing, kneeling, or sitting. The sniper uses the sling to "lock-in" by wrapping his non-firing arm into the sling forcing his arm to be even so. Non-static weapon mounts, such as bipods, monopods and shooting sticks, are also regularly used to help and improve stability and reduce operator fatigue. Shooting bags are likewise commonly used to help stabilize the burglarize or to provide a variable base.

Capabilities [edit]

Accuracy [edit]

Comparison of 0.5, 1, and iii MOA extreme spread levels against a human torso at 800 m (left) and a human caput at 100 m (right)

Precision Weapon Engagement Ranges & Dispersion according to the U.s. Regular army

The Tango 51 sniper rifle has an accuracy guarantee of 0.25 MOA (0.07 mrad)

A armed services-issue boxing rifle or set on rifle is unremarkably capable of betwixt 3–6 infinitesimal of angle (one–2 milliradian) accuracy.^[20] A standard-result war machine sniper rifle is typically capable of ane–3 MOA (0.3–ane mrad) accuracy, with a law sniper rifle capable of 0.25–i.5 MOA (0.1–0.5 mrad) accuracy. For comparison, a competition target or benchrest rifle may be capable of accuracy up to 0.xv–0.3 MOA (0.05–0.1 mrad)^{[ inconsistent ]}.

A 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) average extreme spread for a 5-shot group (meaning the center-to-heart distance between the two virtually distant bullet holes in a shot-group) translates into a 69% probability that the bullet's point of impact will be in a Target Circle with a bore of 23.3 cm (ix.2 in) at 800 g (875 yd).^[21] This average extreme spread for a v-shot grouping and the accompanying hit probability are considered sufficient for finer hit a human shape at 800 g distance.

In 1982, a U.S. Army draft requirement for a Sniper Weapon Organisation was: "The System will: (6) Have an accuracy of no more than 0.75 MOA (0.2 mrad) for a 5-shot grouping at 1,500 meters when fired from a supported, non-benchrest position".^[22] The Sniper Weapon System (M24) adopted in 1988 has a stated maximum effective range of 800 meters and a maximum immune average mean radius (AMR) of 1.9 inches at 300 yards from a machine rest, what corresponds to a 0.6 MOA (0.17 mrad) extreme spread for a 5-shot group when using 7.62 × 51 mm M118 Special Ball cartridges.^{[21] [23] [24]}

A 2008 United States military market survey for a Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) calls for 1 MOA (0.iii mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 5-circular group fired at targets at 300, 600, 900, ane,200 and 1,500 meters.^{[25] [26]} In 2009 a United states Special Operations Control market survey calls for ane MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 10-circular group fired at targets at 300, 600, 900, 1,200 and 1,500 meters.^{[27] [28]} The 2009 Precision Sniper Rifle requirements state that the PSR when fired without suppressor shall provide a conviction gene of fourscore% that the weapon and ammunition combination is capable of holding 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread. This shall be calculated from 150 10 (x) round groups that were fired unsuppressed. No individual group shall exceed 1.five MOA (0.42 mrad) extreme vertical spread. All accurateness will be taken at the 1,500 meter point.^{[29] [30]}

In 2008 the U.s.a. military adopted the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System which has corresponding maximum allowed extreme spread of one.viii MOA (0.5 mrad) for a 5-shot grouping on 300 anxiety, using M118LR armament or equivalent.^{[21] [23] [31]} In 2010 the maximum bullet dispersion requirement for the M24 .300 Winchester Magnum corresponds^{[21] [23]} to 1.iv MOA (0.39 mrad) extreme spread for v shot group on 100 meters.^[32] In 2011, the Usa armed forces adapted the .300 Winchester Magnum M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle that has to run into an accuracy requirement to fire ≤ 1 MOA/0.28 mrad (less than a 2-inch shot group at 200 yards) before existence released for fielding.^[33]

Although accuracy standards for police rifles do not widely exist, rifles are frequently seen with accuracy levels from 0.v to i.v MOA (0.2–0.5 mrad).^[34] For typical policing situations, an extreme spread accuracy level no better than i MOA (0.3 mrad) is usually all that is required. This is because police typically use their rifles at brusque ranges.^{[35] [36]} At 100 m or less, a burglarize with a relatively low accuracy of only 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) should be able to repeatedly hit a three cm (one.ii inch) target. A 3 cm diameter target is smaller than the brain stem which is targeted by constabulary snipers for its quick killing effect.^[37]

Maximum effective range [edit]

Cartridge	Maximum effective range (one thousand)[38]
5.45×39mm	600–800
5.56×45mm NATO	600–800
7.62×51mm NATO	800–ane,000
7.62×54mmR	800–1,000
.300 Winchester Magnum	900–i,200
.338 Lapua Magnum	ane,200–1,500
12.7×99mm NATO	one,500–ii,000
12.7×108mm	1,500–two,000
fourteen.5×114mm	one,800–2,300

Unlike police sniper rifles, armed services sniper rifles tend to be employed at the greatest possible distances then that range advantages like the increased difficulty to spot and appoint the sniper can exist exploited.

The well-nigh popular military sniper rifles (in terms of numbers in service) are chambered for vii.62 mm (0.30 inch) quotient ammunition, such as vii.62×51mm and 7.62×54mm R. Since sniper rifles of this form must compete with several other types of armed services weapons with similar range, snipers invariably must employ skilled fieldcraft to conceal their position.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The recent trend in specialized military sniper rifles is towards larger calibers that offering relatively favorable hit probabilities at greater range with anti-personnel cartridges such as .300 Winchester Magnum and .338 Lapua Magnum and anti-materiel cartridges such as 12.7×99mm, 12.vii×108mm, and 14.five×114mm. This allows snipers to take fewer risks, and spend less time finding concealment when facing enemies that are not equipped with similar weapons.

Maximum range claims made by military organizations and materiel manufacturers regarding sniper weapon systems are not based on consistent or strictly scientific criteria. The problem is only the bullet interacts afterward a relatively long flight path with the target (which tin too be a materiel target for a sniper bullet). This implies that variables such as the minimal required hit probability, local atmospheric conditions, properties and velocity of the employed bullet (parts), backdrop of the target and the desired last result are major relevant factors that determine the maximum constructive range of the employed organization.

Come across as well [edit]

• List of sniper rifles
• Longest recorded sniper kills
• Long range shooting
• Precision-guided firearm
• Fully powered cartridge

Related war machine roles

• Designated marksman
• Scout Sniper
• Sniper

Related military weapons

• Anti-materiel burglarize
• Anti-tank rifle
• Assault burglarize
• Battle rifle
• Carbine rifle
• Designated marksman burglarize

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Whitworth Rifle".
2. ^ "Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Ceremonious Engineers, Volume nineteen" By Institution of Ceremonious Engineers (Peachy Britain)
3. ^ Pegler, Martin (2011). Out of Nowhere: A history of the military sniper, from the Sharpshooter to Afghanistan. Osprey Publishing. ISBN9781849088756 . Retrieved 2013-xi-18 .
4. ^ Raudzens, George. "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History". The Journal of Military History. vol. 54, no. 4, 1990, p. 415.
5. ^ "Lovat Scouts, Sharpshooters – United Kingdom".
6. ^ Pegler, Martin. Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010, p. 31.
7. ^ Pegler, Martin (2010). Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 36^{[ ISBN missing ]}
8. ^ Pegler, Martin (2004). Out Of Nowhere: A History Of The Military machine Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 222.^{[ ISBN missing ]}
9. ^ ^{a b c} "Telescopic Sights For Rifles." The British Medical Periodical. vol. one, no. 2891, 1916, p. 765.
10. ^ Pegler, Martin. Out Of Nowhere: A History Of The Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. 16.
11. ^ Pegler, Martin. Out Of Nowhere: A History Of The Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. 19.
12. ^ Pegler, Martin. Out Of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004, pp. 19–twenty.
13. ^ Raudzens, George. "State of war-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military machine History". The Journal of Military History. vol. 54, no. 4, 1990, p. 420.
14. ^ ^{a b} Pegler, Martin. Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010, p. 6.
15. ^ Lebleu, Jon. Long Rifle: One Homo's Deadly Sniper Missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Guilford: The Lyons Press, 2008, p. 11.
16. ^ Pegler, Martin. Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010, p. 75.
17. ^ ^{a b} Popenker, Max. "Modern sniper rifles". Globe Guns, 2001.
18. ^ The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Grooming Manual for Military and Police force Snipers, Maj. John L. Plaster, 1993. The information about counter-sniper operations describes techniques for identifying snipers among groups of other soldiers. The most easily recognizable feature of a sniper from a great distance is the fact that the sniper'southward rifle is longer than all the others.
19. ^ Cartridges for Long-Range Sniping Rifles by Anthony G Williams
20. ^ Lee, Tae-Woo (2009). Military Technologies of the World. Vol. 2. Praeger Security International. p. 237. ISBN978-0275995393.
21. ^ ^{a b c d} Wheeler, Robert E. "Statistical notes on rifle group patterns" (PDF). bobwheeler.com. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
22. ^ Weaver Jr., Jonathan Thousand. (May 1990). "AMSAA Technical Report No. 461" (PDF). U.South. Army Materiel System Analysis Activity. p. 166. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 17 Baronial 2013.
23. ^ ^{a b c} "рассеивание попаданий. кучность. показатели и зависимость". Enotus (in Russian). 4 September 2009. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
24. ^ "MIL-R-71126(AR)". everyspec.com . Retrieved 26 October 2014.
25. ^ "U.s.a. Special Operations Considers A ".338" Sniper Burglarize". Tactical Gun Fan. OutdoorsFan Media. InterMedia Outdoors, Inc. 27 June 2008. Archived from the original on six June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
26. ^ Byrd, Richard A (17 June 2008). "Precession Sniper Rifle – Solicitation Number: H92222-09-PSR". Fbo.gov. Federal Service Desk. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
27. ^ Weaver, Verdetta J; Lewis, Dorothy Due east (thirteen February 2009). "Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) – Solicitation Number: H92222-09-PSR2". Fbo.gov. Federal Service Desk. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
28. ^ Beckstrand, Tom (1 July 2009). "SOCOM PSR Contenders". Tactical-life.com. Harris Tactical Group. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
29. ^ "Precision Sniper Rifles Systems (PSR) Draft Go/No-Go Requirements" (PDF). Fbo.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
30. ^ "Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) Vendor Questionnaire" (PDF). Fbo.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
31. ^ "MIL-PRF-32316 (westward/Amendment 1), Performance Specification: Rifle, 7.62mm: Semi-Automatic Sniper Arrangement (SASS) – M110 (05 October 2009)". everyspec.com . Retrieved February nineteen, 2011.
32. ^ Street, David (19 October 2009). "M24 Sniper Weapon Organization Reconfiguration". Fbo.gov. Federal Service Desk. Retrieved 17 Baronial 2013.
33. ^ "XM2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle / M2010 ESR (U.s.a.)". Globe Guns. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
34. ^ Johnson, Dan (February 2005). "Precision Pair". Guns & Ammo. Primedia Enthusiast Mag. Archived from the original on 27 Apr 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2019. The FBI, a national-level policing organization, has recently specified an accuracy level of 0.v MOA for 5 shots at 100 yd for sniper rifles issued to their SWAT teams
35. ^ Bartlett, Derrick D. "Police Sniper Utilization Survey". Swat Digest. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Minimum documented range is 5 yards, maximum documented range is 187 yards: Constabulary Sniper Utilization Survey, American Sniper Association, 2006, full study bachelor to war machine and constabulary enforcement agencies merely.
36. ^ "Sniper Utilization Survey". American Sniper Clan . Retrieved 25 Feb 2019. Some information publicly available from The Ultimate Sniper: an Avant-garde Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers, Major John Plaster, 1993.
37. ^ Plaster, John (September 1990). "Police Sniper Training". The Police force Operations Page. Minnesota National Baby-sit Counter Sniper School. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
38. ^ Approximate maximum effective ranges of common cartridges when used in an adequately authentic rifle system with special long-range loftier accuracy armament at International Standard Temper ocean level conditions Common Calibers Used past Snipers

References [edit]

• Tobias, Ronald (1981). They Shoot to Kill: A Psycho-History of Criminal Sniping. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. ISBN0-87364-207-4.
• De Haas, Frank (1995). Bolt Action Rifles . Krause Publications. ISBN0-87349-168-viii.
• Lebleu, Jon (2008). Long Rifle: I Homo's Deadly Sniper Missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Guilford: The Lyons Printing. ISBN978-1599214405.
• Pegler, Martin (2004). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1846031403.
• Pegler, Martin (2010). Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1849083980.
• "Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers". xix. Establishment of Civil Engineers (Keen U.k.). 1860.
• Raudzens, George (1990). "State of war-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History". The Periodical of Military machine History. 54 (iv): 403–434. doi:10.2307/1986064. JSTOR 1986064.
• "Telescopic Sights for Rifles". 1 (2891). The British Medical Journal. 1916: 765.
• Popenker, Max (2001). "Modern Sniper Rifles".
• Violence Policy Centre (May 1999). "One Shot, One Kill: Civilian Sales of Military Sniper Rifles" (PDF).

External links [edit]

• Modernistic Firearms list of sniper rifles
• SniperCentral listing of sniper rifles
• Tack Driving Tactical Rifle from Tac Ops – Detailed overview of the accurization process for a .25 MOA burglarize
• Detailed accuracy articles, by barrel maker Dan Lilja
• Detail of Russian snipers and sniper rifles of Earth War Ii by Chris Eger, military historian
• demigodllc.com: Practical long-range rifle shooting
• Five-minute Sniper 101 Tutorial, Colonial Days to Present
• Russian will soon have a new sniper rifle 'the Tochnost'

How To Get A Sniper Rifle Rdr2,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper_rifle

Posted by: hydenbethed.blogspot.com

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